Computer Networks PTU GNDU LPU HPTU JU Lecture Notes Study Material eBook Neeraj Anand Param Anand Anand Technical Publishers
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Computer Networks And Data Communication
Contents – Inside the book
Chapter – 1 : NETWORK CONFIGURATION
Computer Networking……………………………………………………………………………. 16
Two Major Types of Networks : LANs and WANs…………………………………. 18
Networking Components……………………………………………………………………….. 20
Networking models………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Network Architecture…………………………………………………………………………… 21
Peer – to – Peer Networking……………………………………………………………………. 21
Server – Based Networks………………………………………………………………………… 22
Chapter – 2 : NETWORK CLASSIFICATION
How Networks Classify ?……………………………………………………………………….. 25
Local Area Network (LAN)……………………………………………………………………… 25
Metropolitian Area Network……………………………………………………………….. 28
wide Area Network…………………………………………………………………………………. 29
Wireless networks………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Internetworks…………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Internet…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
World Wide Web Network………………………………………………………………………. 33
Interanet………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
personal area network…………………………………………………………………………. 34
Uses of Computer Networks………………………………………………………………….. 34
Chapter – 3 : OSI AND TCP/IP NETWORK MODELS
Network Protocols………………………………………………………………………………… 39
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model……………………………… 39
Characteristics of The OSI Layers……………………………………………………….. 49
Practical Example OF A CONNECTION Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)…………… 49
Comparison Between OSI And TCP/IP Reference Model………………………. 52
advantages of TCP/IP Reference Model……………………………………………….. 52
Chapter – 4 : DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Data Communication………………………………………………………………………………. 56
Data Communication Model………………………………………………………………….. 56
Data Communication Signals………………………………………………………………… 57
Data Transmission…………………………………………………………………………………… 62
The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel…………………………………………………. 65
Data Transmission format…………………………………………………………………….. 67
Simplex………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
Half Duplex………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
Full Duplex………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
Data Transmission modes………………………………………………………………………. 68
Parallel Communications…………………………………………………………………….. 69
Serial Communications………………………………………………………………………….. 70
ANALOG TRANSMISSION………………………………………………………………………………. 72
Modulation of analog signals…………………………………………………………….. 82
sampling theorem……………………………………………………………………………………. 86
FOURIER SERIES…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
FOURIER TRANSFORM………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
Chapter – 5 : NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network Topology………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
Bus Physical Topology…………………………………………………………………………… 92
Star Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
Tree Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
Ring Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
mesh Topology…………………………………………………………………………………………. 98
hybrid Topology……………………………………………………………………………………… 99
Star Bus topology…………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Star Ring topology……………………………………………………………………………….. 100
Peer-to-Peer topology………………………………………………………………………….. 101
Selecting a Topology……………………………………………………………………………. 102
Chapter – 6 : NETWORK MEDIA
Network Media……………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA……………………………………………. 104
BAND USAGE (BASEBAND OR BROADBAND)………………………………………………. 105
data rate limits…………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Noiseless Channel : Nyquist Bit Rate…………………………………………………. 110
Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity……………………………………………………… 111
network performance issus………………………………………………………………… 112
Bandwidth……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
Latency (Delay)……………………………………………………………………………………… 113
Propagation Time…………………………………………………………………………………… 114
Transmission Time………………………………………………………………………………….. 114
Queuing Time……………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
Bandwidth-Delay Product…………………………………………………………………… 115
Jitter………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 116
TRANSMISSION MEDIA……………………………………………………………………………….. 117
COAXIAL CABLES……………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
TWISTED PAIR CABLE…………………………………………………………………………………. 120
Fiber optic CABLE……………………………………………………………………………………. 122
Multimode Fibers…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
balun…………………………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cable Comparison Summary………………………………………………………………… 127
Chapter – 7 : WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Transmission………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Electromagnetic Spectrum…………………………………………………………………. 132
wireless lans………………………………………………………………………………………….. 137
Narrowband (Single-Frequency) Radio Transmission……………………. 133
Spread-Spectrum Radio Transmission………………………………………………… 140
Extended LANs………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
Microwave Transmission……………………………………………………………………… 136
Microwave Technology in LAN……………………………………………………………. 141
Infrastructure of Wireless Networks……………………………………………… 143
WiFi Technology and 802.11…………………………………………………………………… 145
Chapter – 8 : SWITCHING NETWORKS
What Is Switching ?………………………………………………………………………………… 147
circuit switching…………………………………………………………………………………… 148
Message Switching…………………………………………………………………………………. 155
packet Switching…………………………………………………………………………………… 156
Study of Datagram Subnet Vs Virtual Circuit Subnet…………………… 165
Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching……………………………………………… 165
Chapter – 9 : TELEPHONE NETWORKS
Architecture of Public Telecommunications Network…………………. 170
The Public Telephone Network services……………………………………………. 173
MODEM TECHNOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………….. 175
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modems………………………………………………… 179
Cable Modems…………………………………………………………………………………………. 180
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)………………………………………. 180
Chapter – 10 : MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 182
Frequency Division Multiplexing……………………………………………………….. 184
time Division Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………… 188
Digital Signal Service…………………………………………………………………………… 195
More Synchronous TDM Applications………………………………………………… 196
asynchronous time Division Multiplexing (aTDM)…………………………… 196
Synchronous vs Asynchronous TDM………………………………………………….. 198
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)………………………………………… 199
Chapter – 11 : NETWORK HARDWARE
Networking Hardware…………………………………………………………………………. 202
hubs………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 202
Repeaters…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 204
Bridges……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
routers……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 210
Distinguishing Between Bridges and Routers………………………………….. 212
brouters………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214
gateways…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 215
Chapter – 12 : DATA LINK LAYER DESIGN ISSUES
Data link layer……………………………………………………………………………………… 219
data link layer design issues……………………………………………………………… 220
Services provided to the network layer…………………………………………. 220
Framing at data link layer…………………………………………………………………. 224
Flow control at the data link layer……………………………………………….. 227
NOISELESS CHANNELS……………………………………………………………………………….. 228
NOISY CHANNELS……………………………………………………………………………………….. 230
Stop-and-Wait ARQ Flow Control……………………………………………………….. 230
Chapter – 13 : ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION
Error Detection And Correction at the data link layer……………… 244
Types of Errors………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
Error Detection Methods…………………………………………………………………….. 245
Simple Parity Check or one dimensional parity check………………….. 245
Two-dimension Parity Check………………………………………………………………… 246
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Algorithm……………………………………… 247
Equivalent Polynomial Interpretation……………………………………………. 250
Checksum…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 250
HAMMING ERROR-CORRECTION CODE……………………………………………………….. 252
Detecting and Correcting an Error………………………………………………….. 255
Chapter – 14 : DATA LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
high-level data link control (hdlc)…………………………………………………. 259
HDLC Operational Modes………………………………………………………………………. 260
HDLC Frame Structure………………………………………………………………………….. 260
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)…………………………………………….. 267
Data Link Layer in the Internet………………………………………………………….. 270
SLIP and ppp………………………………………………………………………………………………. 271
Chapter – 15 : medium access control
Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer………………………………………………. 280
The Channel Allocation Problem………………………………………………………. 280
Static Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs………………………………….. 280
Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs……………………………… 281
Multiple access protocols………………………………………………………………….. 282
Code division multiple access (CDMA)………………………………………………… 289
Chapter – 16 : IEEE STANDARDS
The IEEE 802.x Standard…………………………………………………………………………. 295
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols………………………………………… 295
Conceptual model of CSMA/CD…………………………………………………………….. 298
Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance…………….. 298
Collision Free Protocols……………………………………………………………………… 300
Ethernet………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 302
Switched 802.3 LANs…………………………………………………………………………………. 304
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (10 – Mbps Specifications)……………………………………… 305
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (100 – Mbps Specifications)…………………………………….. 306
IEEE 802.4 token bus…………………………………………………………………………………. 308
IEEE 802.5 token ring……………………………………………………………………………….. 310
IEEE 802.5 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)…………………………….. 315
modern IEEE standards…………………………………………………………………………. 319
Chapter – 17 : NETWORK LAYER DESIGN ISSUES AND ROUTING ALGORITHMS
Network Layer……………………………………………………………………………………….. 323
Network Layer Design Issues………………………………………………………………. 324
Services provided to the Transport layer………………………………………. 325
Services provided by the network layer…………………………………………. 325
Routing basics………………………………………………………………………………………… 329
Routing Metrics………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.
Network-Layer Routing………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Optimality Principle………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Routing algorithms………………………………………………………………………………. 329
Shortest Path Routing (Least-Cost-Path Algorithms)……………………. 330
Flood Routing…………………………………………………………………………………………. 334
Distance Vector Routing……………………………………………………………………… 336
The Count-to-Infinity Problem……….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Link-State Routing………………………………………………………………………………… 338
Hierarchical Routing…………………………………………………………………………… 342
Broadcast Routing………………………………………………………………………………… 344
Multicast Routing…………………………………………………………………………………. 346
Chapter – 18 : CONGESTION CONTROL AND QUALITY OF SERVICE
Congestion Control At Network Layer……………………………………………. 352
Congestion Control Techniques…………………………………………………………. 353
Flow Control Versus Congestion control………………………………………. 367
Quality of Service…………………………………………………………………………………. 361
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS…………………………………………………………………… 361
Chapter – 19 : IP ADDRESSING
IP Addressing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 369
IPv4 Address Classifications (Classful Addressing)………………………. 370
RESERVED IP addressES…………………………………………………………………………… 374
IP SUBNETS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 374
SUBNET masking………………………………………………………………………………………. 377
supernetting and Classless Internet Domain Routing………………….. 379
Chapter – 20 : INTERNETWORKING
Internetworking……………………………………………………………………………………. 381
How Networks Differ ?………………………………………………………………………….. 383
Packet Routing in an internetwork………………………………………………….. 387
Routing to the Internet……………………………………………………………………….. 389
Internetworks with redundant routers…………………………………………. 390
X.25 Networks………………………………………………………………………………………….. 391
Chapter – 21 : TRANSPORT LAYER AND TCP MODEL
Transport Layer…………………………………………………………………………………….. 398
Transport Layer Connection Services………………………………………………. 400
Services Provided to the Upper Layers……………………………………………… 402
Transport Service Primitives………………………………………………………………. 405
Elements of Transport Protocols……………………………………………………… 407
Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 419
Crash Recovery……………………………………………………………………………………… 420
The TCP service model…………………………………………………………………………… 421
TCP Connection Management Modeling…………………………………………….. 427
Chapter – 22 : NETWORK SECURITY
Network Security………………………………………………………………………………….. 431
cryptography…………………………………………………………………………………………. 431
SYMMETRIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 435
Data Encryption Standard (DES)…………………………………………………………. 439
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)……………………………………………….. 440
Mode of Operation…………………………………………………………………………………. 442
ASYMMETRIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY (Public key Cryptography)…………. 444
Digital signatures: Integrity in public-key systems……………………… 446
firewall…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 450
Chapter – 23 : DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
Application Layer………………………………………………………………………………….. 454
Domain Name System (DNS)……………………………………………………………………. 454
NAME SPACE…………………………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DOMAIN NAME SPACE………………………………………………………………………………… 455
DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE………………………………………………………………….. 457
Hierarchy of Name Servers…………………………………………………………………. 457
Zone………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 458
Root Server…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 459
DNS IN THE INTERNET………………………………………………………………………………… 459
Country Domains…………………………………………………………………………………… 461
Inverse Domain……………………………………………………………………………………….. 462
resolution………………………………………………………………………………………………. 463
Resolver………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 463
Mapping Names to Addresses……………………………………………………………….. 463
Mapping Addresses to Names……………………………………………………………….. 463
Recursive Resolution……………………………………………………………………………. 463
Iterative Resolution…………………………………………………………………………….. 464
Caching……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 464
DNS MESSAGES…………………………………………………………………………………………… 465
Header……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 466
TYPES OF RECORDS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 467
Question Record…………………………………………………………………………………….. 467
Resource Record……………………………………………………………………………………. 467
REGISTRARS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 467
DYNAMIC DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DDNS)…………………………………………………. 467
Chapter – 24 : E-MAIL
E-Mail……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 469
Sending mail……………………………………………………………………………………………. 469
User Agent (UA)………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
User Agent Types……………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mailing List……………………………………………………………………………………………… 470
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)………………………………… 479
Message Transfer Agent : SMTP………. Error! Bookmark not defined.
How E-mail Looks ?……………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Retrieving the Mail………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)…………………………………………………. 472
IMAP4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 474
Web-Based Mail………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter – 25 : WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web……………………………………………………………………………………… 484
How the World Wide Web Works ?……………………………………………………….. 485
World Wide Web architecture……………………………………………………………. 485
Client (Browser)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 486
Server………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 487
Uniform Resource Locator………………………………………………………………….. 487
WEB DOCUMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………. 488
Static Documents…………………………………………………………………………………… 488
Dynamic Documents………………………………………………………………………………. 490
Active Documents………………………………………………………………………………….. 491
Chapter – 26 : HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL(HTTP)
HTTP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 493
HTTP in Action…………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
HTTP Methods………………………………………………………………………………………….. 493
Message Headers……………………………………………………………………………………. 496
Example HTTP Usage……………………………………………………………………………….. 497
Proxy Server…………………………………………………………………………………………… 498
Intermediaries……………………………………………………………………………………….. 498
Chapter – 27 : MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
Multimedia Technology……………………………………………………………………….. 500
DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO…………………………………………………………………… 500
AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION………………………………………………………………. 501
Audio Compression…………………………………………………………………………………. 501
Video Compression…………………………………………………………………………………. 501
STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO……………………………………………………………. 506
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